Introduction

Frozen shoulder is a disorder that causes pain, stiffness, and a reduced range of motion in the shoulder joint. It develops gradually and progresses through stages of freezing, freezing, and thawing. Risk factors include age, gender, underlying medical conditions, and previous shoulder injuries. Treatment involves physical therapy, pain management, and, in severe cases, surgery to restore shoulder function.

Frozen shoulder[1], also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a crippling ailment that affects the shoulder joint, resulting in pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion. It is characterized by the thickening and tightening of the capsule surrounding the shoulder, leading to a decrease in synovial fluid and reduced mobility. This condition typically progresses through three stages, starting with increasing pain and stiffness, followed by persistent limited movement, and finally, a gradual improvement in symptoms. While the exact cause of frozen shoulders is not fully understood, certain risk factors such as age, gender, and underlying medical conditions have been identified. Treatment options range from pain management and physical therapy to surgical intervention, with the goal of alleviating pain, restoring shoulder function, and improving the overall quality of life.

Overview of Frozen Shoulder

Currently, the incidence of frozen shoulder is 2-5% worldwide[2] affecting individuals between the ages of 40 to 60 years. Even though it occurs more in women and with those that have diabetes, both genders and anyone with any condition can get this type of joint issue. It is a painful, inflammatory condition that persists usually for more than three months. What typically happens is the connective tissue surrounding the joints of the shoulder becomes inflamed and stiff which creates adhesions and results in pain and restricted motion. Frozen shoulder is like arthritis; however, it does resolve on its own after a while and is not quite as chronic. There are currently three main stages where frozen shoulders develop.

What are the symptoms of a Frozen shoulder?

Frozen shoulder progresses through three main stages [3](although there is a pre-freeze stage): the freezing stage, the frozen stage, and the thawing stage. Each stage is characterized by specific symptoms and represents different phases of the condition’s development. It is important to note that patients probably have had pain and stiffness for at least three months before progressing into the following stages.

  • Freezing Stage: In this stage, individuals continue to experience shoulder pain and stiffness. The pain tends to worsen over time and is often more pronounced at night, affecting sleep quality. The shoulder’s range of motion begins to decrease, making it challenging to perform activities that involve lifting, reaching, or rotating the arm. Simple tasks like putting on clothes or combing hair become difficult. The freezing stage can last anywhere from several weeks to several months.
  • Frozen Stage: In the frozen stage, symptoms of shoulder stiffness become more severe, and the range of motion is significantly limited. The pain may persist but can become less intense compared to the previous stage. The frozen stage can last from nine to fourteen months.
  • Thawing Stage: The thawing stage is characterized by a gradual improvement in shoulder mobility and a reduction in pain. The range of motion starts to increase, allowing for more comfortable movement of the shoulder joint. While some stiffness and mild discomfort may still be present, they gradually diminish over time. The thawing stage can last twelve to fifteen months.

How does a frozen shoulder happen?

Cause of frozen shoulder

The specific cause of frozen shoulder is unknown[4]. However, several factors contribute to its development. The process involves the development of inflammation, thickening, and tightening of the capsule surrounding the shoulder joint, which leads to the characteristic symptoms of pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion. Usually, it begins with an injury of the shoulder which causes inflammation and leads to worsening symptoms over time. Advanced glycation end products (AGE)[5] which are mainly found in those with diabetes might cause a massive amount of inflammation contributing to the cause and worsening of this condition. Frozen shoulder will get worse before it slowly improves and gets better on its own.

Who can get a frozen shoulder?

Frozen shoulders can affect individuals of any age, but certain factors[6] may increase the risk of developing the condition.

  • Age: Frozen shoulders typically affect individuals between the ages of 40 and 60. It is more common in middle-aged and older adults.
  • Gender: Women are more likely to develop frozen shoulders compared to men. The reasons for this gender difference are not fully understood.
  • Prior history of frozen shoulders: Having a frozen shoulder in one shoulder increases the risk of developing it in the other shoulder as well.
  • Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions are associated with a higher risk of developing a frozen shoulder. These include diabetes, thyroid disorders, cardiovascular disease, Parkinson’s disease, and autoimmune conditions.
  • Shoulder injury or surgery: Previous shoulder injuries, trauma, or surgeries can increase the likelihood of developing a frozen shoulder. Prolonged immobilization of the shoulder joint due to these factors can contribute to the development of adhesions and stiffness.
  • Prolonged immobility or inactivity: Individuals who have prolonged periods of shoulder immobility or reduced use, such as those recovering from a stroke or recovering from a surgery that limits shoulder movement, may be at an increased risk.

Frozen Shoulder Anatomy

Frozen shoulders can affect individuals
A frozen shoulder involves the structures within the shoulder joint, primarily the joint capsule. The joint capsule is a flexible structure that surrounds and encloses the joint, consisting of ligaments, connective tissue, and synovial membrane. In a frozen shoulder, the joint capsule becomes inflamed and thickened, leading to characteristic pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion. Adhesions and scar tissue may form within the capsule, further restricting movement. The surrounding muscles, tendons, and other soft tissues of the shoulder can also be affected, contributing to the overall symptoms and functional impairment associated with a frozen shoulder.

What are the risk factors associated with a frozen shoulder?

Several risk factors have been identified for the development of a frozen shoulder:

  • Age: Frozen shoulders are more common in individuals between the ages of 40 and 60.
  • Gender: Women are more likely to develop frozen shoulders compared to men.
  • Diabetes: About 10-20% of individuals with diabetes have a higher risk of developing frozen shoulders, possibly due to increased inflammation.
  • Other conditions: thyroid disorders (i.e. hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism), stroke, Parkinson’s, and cardiovascular disease are associated with an increased risk of a frozen shoulder.
  • Previous shoulder injury or surgery:
  • Prolonged immobilization: Any condition or circumstance that leads to prolonged immobility of the shoulder joint can raise the risk of a frozen shoulder.

What are the four stages of a frozen shoulder?

Frozen shoulder occurs in four stages[3]: pre-freezing, freezing, freezing, and thawing. Each stage represents different characteristics and symptoms in the development and resolution of the condition.

  • Pre-Freezing Stage: This initial stage is often characterized by minor discomfort and pain in the shoulder. Individuals may notice a slight reduction in their range of motion, but it doesn’t significantly impact their daily activities. The symptoms are often mild and may be mistaken for general shoulder stiffness or strain. This stage can last for several weeks to months before progressing to the next stage.
  • Freezing Stage: In the freezing stage, the symptoms become more pronounced. The pain intensifies, and the range of motion in the shoulder starts to decrease significantly. This stage is marked by increasing stiffness, making it challenging to perform routine activities that involve lifting, reaching, or rotating the arm. The pain is typically more severe at night, which can disrupt sleep. The freezing stage can last anywhere from several weeks to several months.
  • Frozen Stage: The frozen stage is characterized by a significant loss of shoulder mobility and increased stiffness. The pain may lessen during this stage but is often replaced by a constant and deep-seated ache. The shoulder joint feels “frozen” and immobile, limiting movement in all directions. Activities such as putting on clothes, combing hair, or reaching behind the back become extremely difficult or impossible. The frozen stage can last several months to a year.
  • Thawing Stage: The thawing stage is the gradual recovery phase of a frozen shoulder. During this stage, the pain and stiffness begin to diminish, and the range of motion slowly improves. The shoulder starts to regain mobility, allowing for more comfortable movement. While some residual stiffness and mild discomfort may still be present, they gradually fade. The thawing stage can last several months to years, and the rate of recovery varies between individuals.

How is a frozen shoulder diagnosed?

Diagnosing a frozen shoulder typically involves a combination of a physical examination, medical history assessment, and imaging tests. During the physical examination, the healthcare provider will assess the shoulder’s range of motion, checking for stiffness and pain. They may also apply pressure or perform specific movements to evaluate the joint’s response. Medical history assessment helps identify any risk factors or underlying conditions that may contribute to the frozen shoulder. Imaging tests such as X-rays or MRI scans may be ordered to rule out other possible causes of shoulder pain and stiffness and to visualize the joint and surrounding structures.

What are some important exercises for a frozen shoulder?

Frozen shoulder therapy and exercises

Physical therapy and exercises[1] play a crucial role in the management and rehabilitation of a frozen shoulder as this will assist in increasing the range of motion to the affected arm. This will also help to decrease pain and irritation associated with the condition the more activity it has. The specific exercises prescribed may vary depending on the severity and stage of the condition, as well as individual factors.

  • Pendulum Exercises: Stand or lean over a table with the unaffected arm supporting your body weight. Allow the affected arm to hang freely and gently swing it in circles or back and forth like a pendulum. Gradually increase the range of motion and perform the exercise in all directions. Perform 10 in each direction daily.
  • Towel stretch: Obtain a towel and grasp it with both hands behind your back and hold in a horizontal position. Use your unaffected arm and pull the affected arm to stretch it. With the sore arm, pull the bottom of the towel towards the lower back. Perform 10 to 20 times daily.
  • Finger walk: Reach out and touch the wall at waist level with the fingertips of the affected arm. Slowly walk your fingers up the wall, keeping your elbows slightly bent, until your arm is at shoulder level. Then slowly lower the arm and repeat 10-20 times a day.
  • Cross-body reach: Lift the afflicted arm at the elbow and bring it up and across your body, gently stretching the shoulders. Hold for 15 to 20 seconds and repeat 10 to 20 times daily.
  • Armpit stretch: Use the unaffected arm and lift the affected arm onto a shelf that is breast-high. Then gently bend your knees opening up the armpit. Slightly bend the knees stretching the armpit then straightening. Repeat this 10 to 20 times a day.

FAQs

What is the leading cause of frozen shoulder?

The exact leading cause of frozen shoulder is not fully understood. However, there are several factors that contribute to its development. One of the primary causes is believed to be inflammation and thickening of the capsule surrounding the shoulder joint. This inflammation can lead to the formation of adhesions, which restrict the shoulder's range of motion.

While the underlying cause of the initial inflammation is not well established, certain risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing a frozen shoulder. These include age, as it is more common in individuals between 40 and 60 years old. Women also tend to be more affected than men.

Additionally, certain medical conditions have been associated with an increased risk of developing a frozen shoulder, including diabetes, thyroid disorders, cardiovascular disease, and Parkinson's disease. Shoulder injuries, trauma, or surgeries can also contribute to the development of a frozen shoulder, as they can lead to prolonged immobilization and subsequent joint stiffness.

Is It ok to massage a frozen shoulder?

Massage therapy can potentially provide some relief for a frozen shoulder, but it should be approached with caution and under the guidance of a trained professional. Massage can help alleviate muscle tension and improve blood circulation, which may provide temporary pain relief and relaxation.

However, it is important to note that the shoulder joint in a frozen shoulder is already inflamed and sensitive. Aggressive or forceful massage techniques can potentially exacerbate the condition and increase pain. Therefore, a gentle and cautious approach is recommended.

It is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional, such as a physical therapist or a qualified massage therapist, who has experience in treating frozen shoulders. They can provide appropriate guidance and develop a tailored treatment plan that incorporates safe and effective massage techniques, along with other therapeutic interventions.

What is the best position to sleep with a frozen shoulder?

Finding a comfortable sleeping position for individuals with a frozen shoulder can help minimize pain and discomfort during the night. While the optimal position may vary depending on personal preference and the specific stage of the frozen shoulder, here are a few recommendations:

  • Back sleeping with support: Sleeping on your back with a pillow or cushion supporting the affected arm can help keep the shoulder in a neutral position and reduce strain. Placing a pillow under the arm or using a specialized shoulder pillow can provide additional support and comfort.
  • Side sleeping with a pillow: If side sleeping is more comfortable, place a pillow between the affected arm and the body. This helps prevent direct pressure on the shoulder and maintains proper alignment. Consider using a body pillow or a contoured pillow for added support.
  • Semi-reclined position: Some individuals find sleeping in a semi-reclined position, using adjustable beds, or propping themselves up with pillows beneficial. This position reduces pressure on the shoulder and can provide relief.

Is a frozen shoulder related to neck pain?

While a frozen shoulder primarily affects the shoulder joint, it can sometimes be associated with neck pain. The connection between frozen shoulder and neck pain is not direct, but they can be related due to shared underlying factors or compensatory movements.

When individuals have limited shoulder mobility and range of motion due to a frozen shoulder, they may unintentionally alter their movement patterns. This can lead to changes in posture and movement in the neck and upper back, which may contribute to muscle tension and discomfort in the neck region. Additionally, individuals with frozen shoulders may unconsciously modify their movements to compensate for the limited shoulder mobility. This compensation can involve using the neck and upper back muscles more, which can result in increased strain and potential neck pain.

It's important to note that neck pain can also be caused by separate conditions or issues unrelated to a frozen shoulder. If you are experiencing neck pain along with a frozen shoulder or if the neck pain is persistent or worsening, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional for a comprehensive evaluation to determine the underlying causes and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Conclusion

In general, a frozen shoulder is characterized by pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion in the shoulder joint. While the exact cause of a frozen shoulder is not fully understood, factors such as inflammation, thickening of the joint capsule, and certain risk factors like age, gender, and underlying medical conditions contribute to its development. The management of a frozen shoulder often involves a multidisciplinary approach, including physical therapy, pain management, and, in severe cases, surgical intervention. Additionally, supplements such as Flexoplex can also be used to help alleviate joint pain, inflammation, and stiffness. It is crucial to seek early diagnosis, follow appropriate treatment strategies, and maintain open communication with healthcare professionals to alleviate symptoms, improve shoulder function, and enhance overall quality of life.